The funds must be provided by the drawer or by the person on whose behalf the bill of exchange is drawn, without the drawer on behalf of another ceasing to be personally liable to the endorsers and the holder only.
There are funds if, at the maturity of the bill of exchange, the person on whose behalf it is drawn owes the drawer, or the person on whose behalf it is drawn, a sum at least equal to the amount of the bill of exchange.
Ownership of the funds is automatically transferred to successive holders of the bill of exchange.
Acceptance presupposes the provision of funds.
Acceptance establishes proof of this provision with respect to the endorsers. Whether or not there is acceptance, the drawer alone is required to prove, in case of denial, that those on whom the bill was drawn had funds at maturity; otherwise, the drawer is obligated to guarantee them, even if the protest was made after the prescribed time limits.